Skip to content
Sunday, August 30, 2026 · Guatemala CityQ7.6242 per US$+0.00%
ADVANCE GUATEMALA
The Zone 10 and 15 towers of Guatemala City, with the green sierra behind them.

Talent

The workforce, measured.

Who works in Guatemala, what they studied, how much English they speak, and what employing them costs.

Rene Hernandez · CC BY-SA 2.0

64.9%

Share of employment outside the formal system · ENEIC, Q1 2026

The archive

Labor informality

64.9%

Share of employment outside the formal system · ENEIC, Q1 2026

  • Labor participation64.2%
  • Open unemployment2.2%
  • Visible underemployment12.9%

Minimum wage 2026, monthly

ActivityCE1CE2
Non-agriculturalQ4,252.28Q4,066.90
AgriculturalQ4,041.20Q3,875.89
Export and maquilaQ3,659.73Q3,471.10

Monthly totals including the Q250.00 incentive bonus, as set by Acuerdo Gubernativo 256-2025 (Diario de Centro América, 22 Dec 2025; in force 1 Jan 2026). CE1: department of Guatemala; CE2: rest of the country.

mintrab · minimum_wage_* · 2026 · A.G. 256-2025

The investor atlas

Who works, what they know, what they cost.

Researched · unverified

45 topics

The labor force in absolute numbers, the demographics, the universities and INTECAP, the bilingual pool, the BPO sector's record and reference salaries by role — with the rules for shifts, overtime and night work.

The research is written in English; quoted figures, source names and the titles of legal instruments stay in the language their source published them in.

The labor force, in numbers

35 topics

According to Statistical Bulletin ENEIC No. 1 from the National Statistics Institute (INE), with April–June 2025 as its reference period, the working-age population (15 and over) is 12,531,809; the economically active population (PEA) totals 8,217,059; the employed population, 8,036,086; and the openly unemployed population, 180,973. These are survey estimates with 95% confidence intervals: the PEA, for example, falls between 8,132,307 and 8,301,811, and open unemployment between 163,109 and 198,837. The derived rates (participation, unemployment, informality, underemployment) already form part of the verified file as eneic_* indicators; these absolute figures from the 2025 bulletin remain pending verification.

Figures
Población en edad de trabajar (PET, 15+)12,531,809 (IC 95%: 12,472,064–12,591,554)abr–jun 2025
Población económicamente activa (PEA)8,217,059 (IC 95%: 8,132,307–8,301,811)abr–jun 2025
Población ocupada (PO)8,036,086 (IC 95%: 7,951,358–8,120,814)abr–jun 2025
Población en desempleo abierto (PDA)180,973 (IC 95%: 163,109–198,837)abr–jun 2025

survey estimate with 95% confidence intervals; absolute figures pending data verification

In April–June 2025 (ENEIC), women are the majority of the working-age population (6,664,982 against 5,866,827 men) but a minority of the economically active population: 3,233,532 women against 4,983,527 men. The employed population comprises 4,906,758 men and 3,129,328 women. Open unemployment falls more heavily on women: 104,204 unemployed women against 76,769 unemployed men. All are estimates with 95% confidence intervals from INE's ENEIC Bulletin No. 1.

Figures
PET hombres / mujeres5,866,827 / 6,664,982abr–jun 2025
PEA hombres / mujeres4,983,527 / 3,233,532abr–jun 2025
Población ocupada hombres / mujeres4,906,758 / 3,129,328abr–jun 2025
Desempleo abierto hombres / mujeres76,769 / 104,204abr–jun 2025

survey estimate with 95% confidence intervals; pending data verification

ENEIC Bulletin No. 1 (April–June 2025) estimates 5,395,769 working-age people belonging to indigenous peoples (Maya, Xinca and Garifuna), against 7,136,040 from other groups (Ladino, Afro-descendant, foreign). The indigenous economically active population is estimated at 3,539,465. These are estimates with 95% confidence intervals (indigenous working-age population: 5,316,683–5,474,855; indigenous PEA: 3,466,410–3,612,520). The bulletin does not publish employed or unemployed figures by ethnic group in this table.

Figures
PET pueblos indígenas5,395,769 (IC 95%: 5,316,683–5,474,855)abr–jun 2025
PET otros pueblos7,136,040 (IC 95%: 7,053,975–7,218,105)abr–jun 2025
PEA pueblos indígenas3,539,465 (IC 95%: 3,466,410–3,612,520)abr–jun 2025

survey estimate with 95% confidence intervals; pending data verification

INE publishes quarterly rates in ENEIC Bulletin No. 1. Overall participation (PEA/working-age population): 67.1% in Q4 2024, 65.6% in Q1 2025 and 65.6% in Q2 2025. Open unemployment: 1.7%, 2.3% and 2.2% over the same quarters. Visible underemployment: 14.8%, 13.4% and 13.9%. Informality: 66.7%, 66.1% and 66.2%. The specific employment rate (employed/PEA) was 98.3%, 97.7% and 97.8%, and the gross employment rate (employed/working-age population) 65.9%, 64.1% and 64.1%. Low open unemployment coexists with informality covering two thirds of the employed; these rates already exist in the file as verified eneic_* indicators.

Figures
Tasa de participación global67.1% / 65.6% / 65.6%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Tasa de desempleo abierto1.7% / 2.3% / 2.2%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Tasa de subempleo visible14.8% / 13.4% / 13.9%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Tasa de informalidad66.7% / 66.1% / 66.2%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Ocupación específica (PO/PEA)98.3% / 97.7% / 97.8%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Ocupación bruta (PO/PET)65.9% / 64.1% / 64.1%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025

Average monthly labor income was Q2,713 in April–June 2025, after Q2,592 in Q4 2024 and Q2,718 in Q1 2025 (INE, ENEIC Bulletin No. 1). The territorial gap is wide: in Q2 2025 the metropolitan urban domain averaged Q3,901, the rest of urban Guatemala Q2,772 and rural areas around Q1,986. The annual series in the full ENEIC publication shows Q2,207 (2021), Q2,850 (2022), Q2,409 (2023, from ENCOVI) and Q2,538 (2024). This is an average across the whole economy, informal work included, and not a formal wage by occupation; the dossier proposes adding it as the indicator eneic_ingreso_laboral_promedio_gtq.

Figures
Ingreso laboral promedio mensualQ2,592 / Q2,718 / Q2,713T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Ingreso laboral promedio por dominiourbano metropolitano Q3,901; resto urbano Q2,772; rural ~Q1,986T2 2025
Ingreso laboral promedio anual (serie)Q2,207 / Q2,850 / Q2,409 / Q2,5382021 / 2022 / 2023 (ENCOVI) / 2024

average across the whole economy (informality included); the 2023 figure comes from ENCOVI, not ENEIC

In April–June 2025 informality stood at 45.2% in the metropolitan urban domain, 65.4% in the rest of urban Guatemala and 77.8% in rural areas; open unemployment ran in the opposite order: 3.9%, 2.1% and 1.4% respectively (INE, ENEIC Bulletin No. 1). The full Q4 2024 publication puts the formal sector at 32.1% of the employed population and the informal sector at 67.9%, with female informality at 74.2% against 63.1% for men. For an investor, the pool of formal workers is concentrated in the metropolitan area, which also has the highest open unemployment.

Figures
Informalidad por dominiourbano metropolitano 45.2%; resto urbano 65.4%; rural 77.8%T2 2025
Desempleo abierto por dominiourbano metropolitano 3.9%; resto urbano 2.1%; rural 1.4%T2 2025
Sector formal / informal (% de ocupados)32.1% / 67.9%T4 2024
Informalidad femenina / masculina74.2% / 63.1%T4 2024

the Q4 2024 data come from the full ENEIC IV-2024 publication, not from the audited bulletin

See the other 29

In April–June 2025 (ENEIC), trade, transport, accommodation and food services accounted for 29.2% of the employed; agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishing 19.1%; manufacturing, mining and other industry 16.2%; other service activities 11.8%; public administration, defense, education and health 9.3%; and construction 8.9%. Professional, scientific, technical and administrative support activities represent 3.4%; finance and insurance 1.2%; information and communication 0.6%; and real estate 0.3%. Manufacturing has held steady at 16.2% across the three quarters from Q4 2024 to Q2 2025, while agriculture swung between 21.8% (Q1 2025) and 19.1% (Q2 2025).

Figures
Agricultura, ganadería, silvicultura y pesca20.2% / 21.8% / 19.1%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Manufactura, minas y otras industrias16.2% / 16.2% / 16.2%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Construcción8.6% / 8.3% / 8.9%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Comercio, transporte, alojamiento y comidas29.4% / 28.9% / 29.2%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Información y comunicación0.5% / 0.5% / 0.6%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Actividades financieras y de seguros1.1% / 1.2% / 1.2%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Actividades inmobiliarias0.3% / 0.4% / 0.3%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Profesionales, científicas, técnicas y adm./apoyo3.9% / 3.6% / 3.4%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Admón. pública, defensa, enseñanza, salud9.0% / 9.2% / 9.3%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025
Otras actividades de servicios10.7% / 10.0% / 11.8%T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025

According to AGN (19 June 2023), the technical training institute (INTECAP) trained 1.6 million Guatemalans over three years (2020–2023) and awarded 32,420 scholarships in the same period; its general manager expected '524,000 students' in 2023. Historically, the institution reports 7.3 million people trained in its first 50 years (1972–2022, Prensa Libre). For the first half of 2024 a press item speaks of 'more than 180,000 people trained', a secondary figure still to be verified. The official 2024 and 2025 figure has not been extracted: the 2024 Annual Report (96 pages, published 22 April 2025) exists only in a Calaméo viewer and requires manual mining or a request for the PDF.

Figures
Personas capacitadas por INTECAP1.6 millones2020–2023 (tres años)
Becas otorgadas por INTECAP32,4202020–2023
Estudiantes esperados (declaración del gerente)524,0002023
Personas capacitadas, acumulado histórico7.3 millones1972–2022
Personas capacitadas, primer semestremás de 180,000ene–jun 2024

press figures; the official 2024–2025 data await the Annual Report

In 2023 INTECAP offered 78 long-duration programs and 418 short courses or programs across 28 training centers, with more than 1 million training hours and more than 24,000 events in the previous year (AGN, 19 June 2023). It is funded by the mandatory 1% employer levy on payroll, which forms part of the total 12.67% employer contribution alongside social security (IGSS, 10.67%) and the workers' recreation institute (IRTRA, 1%). For an employer, that 1% is the cost of access to the public technical-training system; the dossier proposes the indicator intecap_capacitados_anual drawn from the annual reports.

Figures
Carreras de larga duración782023
Carreras / programas cortos4182023
Centros de capacitación282023
Horas de formación / eventos (año previo)>1,000,000 horas / >24,000 eventos2022
Aporte patronal INTECAP1% sobre nóminavigente 2026

In the EF English Proficiency Index 2025, Guatemala scores 510 against a global average of 488, in the 'Moderate' band, and ranks 61st worldwide (the fact sheet confirms #61; the denominator of 123 countries comes from the global report and must be confirmed against it). By skill: reading 523, listening 500, writing 498 and speaking 502. The index measures those who take the EF test online, not the general population, so it describes the segment seeking certification rather than the total bilingual pool. The dossier proposes the indicators ef_epi_score and ef_epi_rank_global, updated annually in November.

Figures
Puntaje EF EPI Guatemala510 (promedio global 488), banda 'Moderate'2025
Ranking global EF EPI61 (denominador 123 por confirmar)2025
Lectura / Escucha / Escritura / Habla523 / 500 / 498 / 5022025

self-selected sample of EF test-takers; ranking denominator to be confirmed

Guatemala's EF EPI 2025 fact sheet breaks the score down by job function: Strategy & Project Management 623, Operations 590, Sales 590, Admin & Clerical 563, HR 550, Marketing 550, Customer Service 549, Teacher 533, IT 531, Legal 517, Accounting & Finance 494 and Student 426. Management, operations and sales functions sit comfortably above the national average of 510; accounting and finance and, above all, students fall below it. These are scores from EF test-takers, not from the full labor force.

Figures
Strategy & PM / Operations / Sales623 / 590 / 5902025
Admin & Clerical / HR / Marketing563 / 550 / 5502025
Customer Service / Teacher / IT549 / 533 / 5312025
Legal / Accounting & Finance / Student517 / 494 / 4262025

self-selected sample of EF test-takers

According to the EF EPI 2025 fact sheet (scores extracted in the 2026-08-19 audit), by region the department of Guatemala leads with 519, followed by Quetzaltenango 513, Sacatepéquez 511, Chimaltenango 486, San Marcos 460, Totonicapán 413, Chiquimula 406 and Escuintla 374. By city: Guatemala City 519, Quetzaltenango 513, Chimaltenango 485, San Marcos 458 and Antigua Guatemala 444. Only the metropolitan area, Quetzaltenango and Sacatepéquez beat the national average of 510; Escuintla, site of a proposed BPO hub, records the lowest score on the list. These are EF test-taker data, with small samples outside the capital.

Figures
EF EPI por regiónGuatemala 519; Quetzaltenango 513; Sacatepéquez 511; Chimaltenango 486; San Marcos 460; Totonicapán 413; Chiquimula 406; Escuintla 3742025
EF EPI por ciudadCiudad de Guatemala 519; Quetzaltenango 513; Chimaltenango 485; San Marcos 458; Antigua Guatemala 4442025

extracted visually from the fact sheet during the audit; small regional samples

The profile the BPO sector predominantly hires is a customer-service agent with B1 English, basic office software skills and, preferably, sales experience (Forbes Centroamérica, December 2024). To feed that pipeline, companies in the sector created the Finishing School program with AGEXPORT in 2015, which placed more than 2,500 people in jobs in its first 24 months; in 2018 the sector set a target of training 30,000 young people a year in basic English, 15,000 in intensive intermediate and 1,500 in English plus advanced technical skills (AGEXPORT Hoy). The size of the employable B2+ pool is not public: AGEXPORT does not publish it and its sector website blocks automated access; the contact point is AGEXPORT's Contact Center & BPO Commission.

Figures
Perfil predominante contratado por BPOagente de servicio al cliente, inglés B1, ofimática básica, preferible experiencia en ventasdic. 2024
Colocaciones del programa Finishing Schoolmás de 2,500 personas en 24 meses2015–2017
Meta formativa anual del sector30,000 inglés básico; 15,000 intermedio-intensivo; 1,500 inglés + técnico avanzado2018

targets and placements are trade-association figures (AGEXPORT); the B2+ pool is not published

According to Forbes Centroamérica (3 December 2024), the contact center and BPO sector generates 55,000 direct formal jobs paying up to twice the minimum wage, and 138,000 indirect jobs; it pays an annual wage bill of more than Q11,000 million and contributes Q2,700 million a year in taxes and social security. The sector grew by an average of 17% a year over the past five years and requires around Q40,000 of foreign investment for each new job. In January 2018 AGEXPORT reported 42,000 direct and 126,000 indirect jobs, implying an increase of 13,000 direct positions in almost seven years. The number of seats and of companies is private trade-association data and is not published.

Figures
Empleos formales directos BPO55,000 (salarios hasta el doble del mínimo)dic. 2024
Empleos indirectos BPO138,000dic. 2024
Masa salarial anual del sector> Q11,000 millonesdic. 2024
Aporte fiscal + IGSSQ2,700 millones/añodic. 2024
Crecimiento promedio anual del sector17% (últimos 5 años)dic. 2024
IED por empleo nuevo~Q40,000dic. 2024
Empleos directos / indirectos (serie)42,000 / 126,000ene. 2018

trade-association figures reproduced by the press; seats and company numbers not public

There is no official census of developers. The best public proxy is the GitHub Innovation Graph, which counts 195,658 active developer accounts in Guatemala in Q1 2026, against 142,624 in Q1 2025 (+37% year on year) and 132,681 in Q4 2024; the intervening quarterly series runs 149,980 (Q2 2025), 164,505 (Q3 2025) and 178,072 (Q4 2025). The count excludes bots and spam but includes students and hobbyists, so it is not equivalent to professional developers. As a secondary demand signal, Terminal.io states that software developer vacancies in Guatemala grew 41% between Q4 2021 and Q4 2023 (a commercial source, still to be verified).

Figures
Cuentas de desarrollador GitHub en Guatemala132,681 / 142,624 / 149,980 / 164,505 / 178,072 / 195,658T4 2024 / T1 2025 / T2 2025 / T3 2025 / T4 2025 / T1 2026
Crecimiento interanual de cuentas GitHub+37%T1 2025 → T1 2026
Crecimiento de vacantes de software developer+41%T4 2021 → T4 2023

a proxy of GitHub accounts, not of professionals; the vacancy figure is commercial

The employee's social security (IGSS) contribution deducted from wages is 4.83% of salary. The total employer contribution is 12.67%, made up of IGSS 10.67%, the technical training institute (INTECAP) 1% and the workers' recreation institute (IRTRA) 1% (mindy.gt, cross-checked against misalario.com.gt; rates confirmed in the audit spot-check). In practical terms, every quetzal of nominal salary costs the employer Q1.1267 before annual benefits such as the aguinaldo and Bono 14.

Figures
Cuota laboral IGSS (trabajador)4.83%vigente 2026
Cuota patronal total12.67%vigente 2026
Desglose cuota patronalIGSS 10.67% + INTECAP 1% + IRTRA 1%vigente 2026

According to the full ENEIC publication for Q4 2024, the leading occupational groups are services and sales (23.6% of the employed), elementary occupations (23.5%) and craft and related trades workers (19.8%); military occupations account for 0.1%. The wage-earning population splits 63.2% urban and 36.9% rural, and 62.8% men against 37.2% women. The dossier proposes an eneic_asalariados_persons indicator on a quarterly frequency drawn from INE's bulletins.

Figures
Ocupación: servicios y ventas23.6% de los ocupadosT4 2024
Ocupación: ocupaciones elementales23.5% de los ocupadosT4 2024
Ocupación: oficiales, operarios y artesanos19.8% de los ocupadosT4 2024
Ocupación: militares0.1% de los ocupadosT4 2024
Población asalariada urbana / rural63.2% / 36.9%T4 2024
Población asalariada hombres / mujeres62.8% / 37.2%T4 2024

full ENEIC IV-2024 publication, not covered by the audit spot-check; pending verification

The Q4 2024 ENEIC records that, among people aged 7 and over, 20.5% have no level of education, 44.6% reached primary, 29.5% secondary and 5.4% higher education. In other words, just under two thirds of the population went no further than primary school, and only one in twenty reached university. To size the skilled pool, this figure should be read alongside gross tertiary enrollment (27.3% in 2023, World Bank) and the university and INTECAP numbers in the same dossier.

Figures
Población 7+ sin nivel educativo20.5%T4 2024
Población 7+ con primaria44.6%T4 2024
Población 7+ con nivel medio29.5%T4 2024
Población 7+ con nivel superior5.4%T4 2024

full ENEIC IV-2024 publication; pending verification

INE's series shows a working-age population of 11.8 million (2021), 11.9 million (2022), 11.4 million (2023, measured by ENCOVI) and 12.0 million (2024); the employed went from 7.2 to 7.0, 6.6 and 7.7 million over the same years. As a secondary contrast, the World Bank (ILO model, indicator SL.TLF.TOTL.IN) estimates the total labor force at 7,519,217 in 2024 and 7,684,762 in 2025, below the economically active population of 8.2 million that ENEIC reports for Q2 2025. The difference stems from different methodologies (national survey versus international model) and must be made explicit when citing.

Figures
PET (serie INE)11.8 M / 11.9 M / 11.4 M / 12.0 M2021 / 2022 / 2023 (ENCOVI) / 2024
Ocupados (serie INE)7.2 M / 7.0 M / 6.6 M / 7.7 M2021 / 2022 / 2023 (ENCOVI) / 2024
Fuerza laboral total (modelo OIT)7,519,217 / 7,684,7622024 / 2025

the 2023 figure comes from ENCOVI; the spot-check covered 3 of the 5 World Bank endpoints without specifying which

The INE projection based on the 2018 census, cited by the Vice-Presidency in the Government Policy 2024-2028, puts the total population at 17,843,132 in 2024: 8,777,379 men and 9,065,753 women. The projected population growth rate is 1.32% for 2024–2025, falling to 1.14% by 2030. The figure is an official projection, not a recent census count.

Figures
Población total (proyección INE)17,843,1322024
Hombres / mujeres8,777,379 / 9,065,7532024
Tasa de crecimiento poblacional1.32% (2024–2025), descendiendo a 1.14% en 2030proyección INE

official projection cited by a secondary government source; pending verification against INE

Guatemala's median age is 23.8 according to UN World Population Prospects 2024 (medium variant, via Worldometers). The 15-to-64 age group represents 63.6% of the total in 2024 and 64.0% in 2025 (World Bank, SP.POP.1564.TO.ZS), meaning the working-age share is still rising. A secondary source (UNFPA/press) cited a median age of 28.1 for 2024, which contradicts the WPP figure; the dossier flags it for arbitration during the verification phase and adopts WPP as the international standard.

Figures
Edad mediana23.8 años2024
Población 15–64 años (% del total)63.6% / 64.0%2024 / 2025
Edad mediana (fuente discrepante)28.1 años2024

median age figure disputed between sources (23.8 vs 28.1); arbitration pending

The World Bank (indicator SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, sourced from UNESCO UIS) reports adult literacy (15 and over) of 82.1% in 2024 and 83.0% in 2022–2023; that is, close to one adult in six cannot read or write. The figure is modeled; the official rate from the national literacy committee (CONALFA) could not be located and is listed as pending research. For the population aged 7 and over, the Q4 2024 ENEIC records that 20.5% have no level of education.

Figures
Alfabetismo adulto (15+)82.1%2024
Alfabetismo adulto (15+)83.0%2022–2023

modeled World Bank figure; official CONALFA rate pending

Mean years of schooling for the population aged 25 and over are 5.85 in 2022 (the same figure is repeated for 2023), according to the UNDP Human Development Report via Our World in Data. On a different methodology, Guate en Datos put Guatemala at 6.26 years in 2020, the lowest level in the region: Belize 10.71, Panama 10.44, Costa Rica 9.12, El Salvador 8.10, Nicaragua 7.76 and Honduras 7.51. The two series are not comparable with each other and the dossier says so; for the file it proposes the schooling_years_mean indicator drawn from OWID.

Figures
Años promedio de escolaridad (25+)5.852022 (repetido 2023)
Años de escolaridad, comparativo regionalGT 6.26; Belice 10.71; Panamá 10.44; Costa Rica 9.12; El Salvador 8.10; Nicaragua 7.76; Honduras 7.512020

two different methodologies (OWID/UNDP vs Guate en Datos); do not mix them

Gross secondary enrollment was 49.6% in 2024 and gross tertiary enrollment 27.3% in 2023, against 22.6% in 2019 (World Bank, SE.SEC.ENRR and SE.TER.ENRR). As a flow reference, around 2015–2017 the BPO sector cited some 160,000 young people graduating from upper secondary each year; the figure is old and must be checked against the Ministry of Education (MINEDUC) Statistical Yearbook, which publishes enrollment, promotion and graduates by level and department and has yet to be mined as a primary source.

Figures
Matrícula bruta secundaria49.6%2024
Matrícula bruta terciaria27.3% (22.6% en 2019)2023
Graduados de diversificado por año (referencia antigua)~160,000ca. 2015–2017

the graduates figure is from the press and is old; the MINEDUC Yearbook has yet to be mined

USAC, the only public university, recorded 109,562 students in 2023 according to figures from its Registry and Statistics Department published by Prensa Libre; the earlier series runs 110,005 (2019), 106,805 (2020), 119,675 (2021) and 118,470 (2022), trending down since 2021. At graduate level, 11,780 students are reported (71% in faculties), with no period specified (Soy USAC). The 2024–2025 figures are published behind a login, so 2023 is the last public year.

Figures
Matrícula USAC109,5622023
Matrícula USAC, serie110,005 / 106,805 / 119,675 / 118,470 / 109,5622019 / 2020 / 2021 / 2022 / 2023
Estudiantes de posgrado USAC11,780 (71% en facultades)período no precisado

press figure based on official data; 2024–2025 not public

The public figures are partial and of uneven quality: Universidad Rafael Landívar states 'more than 34,900' active students on its portal, while another source cites 31,176 (ca. 2024); Universidad del Valle reports 7,991 students across three campuses (2025, via Wikipedia); Universidad Galileo appears with about 45,000 with no date and no official public figure; and Universidad Francisco Marroquín with 2,700 (2023). The last three come from Wikipedia and must be confirmed with each university's registrar. There is no consolidated public series of national higher-education enrollment: the 14-plus private universities do not report to a unified registry, a structural gap the dossier documents.

Figures
Matrícula Universidad Rafael Landívar'más de 34,900 activos' (portal) / 31,176 (otra fuente)ca. 2024
Matrícula Universidad del Valle (UVG)7,991 en tres campus2025
Matrícula Universidad Galileo~45,000sin fecha
Matrícula Universidad Francisco Marroquín (UFM)2,7002023

tertiary sources (Wikipedia) and diverging figures; verify with each university

Universidad Galileo grew out of UFM's Faculty of Systems Engineering (FISICC), was authorized on 31 October 2000 and concentrates its technology offering in FISICC (systems and computing), FICON (construction) and FACTI (science, technology and industry). Universidad del Valle has eight faculties and offers civil, food, computer science, industrial, mechanical, electronic, mechatronic and chemical engineering. USAC's Faculty of Engineering publishes an open dataset of enrollments for 2010–2024 (one CSV per year, with no totals on the page), still to be processed. Program size by university (UVG, URL, Galileo, USAC) is not consolidated and is among the dossier's outstanding items.

Figures
Autorización de Universidad Galileo31-oct-20002000
Facultades de la UVG8s.f.
Dataset FIUSAC de inscritosCSV anual 2010–20242010–2024

institutional descriptions from tertiary sources; program size not consolidated

Under the 'Guatemala No Se Detiene' plan, INTECAP and the Ministry of Education (MINEDUC) awarded around 13,460 English scholarships in 2025 and project some 3,500 new recipients in 2026 with a focus on tourism, according to Prensa Libre/DCA. These are press figures: the dossier marks them as a secondary claim and lists them among the items pending verification against MINEDUC or the program. Set against a sector that by 2018 aspired to train 45,000 young people a year in basic and intermediate English, the volume of public scholarships is modest.

Figures
Becas de inglés otorgadas~13,4602025
Nuevos becados proyectados (foco turismo)~3,5002026

press figure; verify against MINEDUC / Guatemala No Se Detiene

AGEXPORT attributes more than US$730 million a year in foreign exchange to the Contact Center & BPO sector (2025, sector website, seen through indexed results because the site returns a 403 on direct access). In 2016 and 2017 the sector's exports stalled at US$750 million, with an estimated US$50 million lost to regional competitors (AGEXPORT Hoy, January 2018). These are trade-association figures: the central bank (Banguat) publishes the aggregate services balance (the file's trade_balance_services_usd indicator) with no call center breakdown, so there is no official BPO export series and the distinction must always be made when citing.

Figures
Divisas / exportaciones del sector BPO> US$730 millones/año2025
Exportaciones del sector (serie)US$750 millones (sin crecimiento; pérdida ~US$50 M ante competidores regionales)2016 y 2017

trade-association claim; no disaggregated official Banguat series

By 2021 the trade association had set a target of creating 100,000 quality jobs across nine hubs or secondary cities: Escuintla, Puerto Barrios, Antigua, Petén, Los Altos (Quetzaltenango), Cobán, Guatemágica, Metrópoli de Oriente and Huehuetenango (Perspectiva). In verticals, the sector has diversified into telecommunications and technology, finance, manufacturing, retail and e-commerce, human resources, media, travel and transport, health and insurance, and logistics (AGEXPORT / Forbes CA). Cross-referenced with the EF EPI 2025, Quetzaltenango (513) and Sacatepéquez (511) beat the national English average, while Escuintla (374) falls well below it.

Figures
Meta gremial de empleos en ciudades intermedias100,000 empleos de calidad en 9 nodosca. 2021
Nodos / ciudades intermediasEscuintla, Puerto Barrios, Antigua, Petén, Los Altos, Cobán, Guatemágica, Metrópoli de Oriente, Huehuetenangoca. 2021

a trade-association target, not an outcome; no public tracking of progress

A recruiter in the sector (Allied Global) publishes 2026 monthly base ranges of Q5,500–Q8,500 for an entry-level bilingual agent, Q8,500–Q12,500 for an experienced agent or technical support, and Q12,500–Q19,000 for a bilingual supervisor, plus attendance, performance and commission bonuses that add 20–30% on top of the base. These are commercial, promotional figures with no official backing: social security (IGSS) does not publish wages by occupation and there is no public salary survey by role. The verified 2025 minimum wages already in the file (minimum_wage_* indicators) should be used as the reference floor, and the national average labor income of Q2,713 (Q2 2025) as context.

Figures
Agente bilingüe entry (base mensual)Q5,500–Q8,5002026
Agente bilingüe con experiencia / soporte técnico (base)Q8,500–Q12,5002026
Supervisor bilingüe (base)Q12,500–Q19,0002026
Bonos BPO sobre base+20–30%2026

a recruiter's promotional claim; no official source for wages by occupation

The self-reported averages in Computrabajo job postings (consulted 2026-08-19) are: production assistant around Q3,510 a month, industrial electrician around Q4,712, and industrial engineer between Q5,555 and Q8,360 (two pages of the same portal disagree). They carry an urban-formal bias and the dossier classifies them as tier (b)/(c), never as official data. The official references are the national average labor income of Q2,713 (Q2 2025; Q3,901 in the metropolitan area) and the 2025 minimum wages by district and activity, already verified in the file (27 minimum_wage_* indicators). There is no official source for formal wages by occupation.

Figures
Operario / ayudante de producción (promedio mensual)~Q3,5102026
Electricista industrial (promedio mensual)~Q4,7122026
Ingeniero/a industrial (promedio mensual)Q5,555–Q8,360 (fuentes divergentes en el mismo portal)2026
Ingreso laboral promedio nacional / urbano metropolitanoQ2,713 / Q3,901T2 2025

job-listing aggregator with self-reported salaries; urban-formal bias

The Labor Code (Decree 1441) sets the day shift (6:00–18:00) at a maximum of 8 hours a day and 48 a week; the night shift (18:00–6:00) at 6 hours a day and 36 a week; and the mixed shift at 7 hours a day and 42 a week (summary by PeersLegal). The Constitution, article 102(g), establishes 44 effective hours a week 'equivalent to 48 for the sole purpose of wage payment', a difference the dossier flags for reconciliation against the official text of article 116 of the Code in the data phase. For an investor, the key operational point is that the legal night shift is only 6 hours.

Figures
Jornada diurna (6:00–18:00)máx. 8 h/día y 48 h/semanavigente
Jornada nocturna (18:00–6:00)máx. 6 h/día y 36 h/semanavigente
Jornada mixtamáx. 7 h/día y 42 h/semanavigente
Constitución art. 102 g)44 h semanales efectivas, equivalentes a 48 para pago de salariovigente

law-firm summary; 44 vs 48 hours to be reconciled against the official text of article 116 of the Labor Code

Overtime is paid with a minimum premium of 50% over ordinary wages (Labor Code, article 121, per PeersLegal's summary). Because the legal night shift is 6 hours (36 a week), running three continuous 8-hour shifts does not fit within ordinary working hours: the dossier infers that a 24/7 plant needs four crews or takes on overtime pay for the night shift, a structural cost that matters for maquila and manufacturing. That implication is an editorial inference from the rules, not a citable fact; the premium and the shift limits must be confirmed against the official text of the Code.

Figures
Recargo mínimo por hora extraordinaria+50% sobre el salario ordinario (art. 121 CT)vigente
Turno nocturno legal6 h/día, 36 h/semanavigente

the implication for 24/7 plants is an editorial inference, not data; legal status to be confirmed

On top of employer contributions (12.67%), the employer pays two additional monthly salaries a year: the aguinaldo (Decree 76-78) and Bono 14 (Decree 42-92), each equivalent to one month's pay. To these are added the incentive bonus of Q250 a month (Decree 78-89 and amendments), already in the file as the verified indicator bonificacion_incentivo, and 15 working days of vacation after one year of service (Labor Code, article 130). The dossier found no primary online source for the decree numbers or for article 130 and lists them as pending confirmation against official publication by Congress or the Labor Ministry (MINTRAB); until then they must be treated as legal status to be confirmed.

Figures
Aguinaldo1 salario mensual/año (Decreto 76-78, por verificar)vigente
Bono 141 salario mensual/año (Decreto 42-92, por verificar)vigente
Bonificación incentivoQ250/mes (Decreto 78-89 y reformas)vigente
Vacaciones15 días hábiles tras 1 año (art. 130 CT, por verificar)vigente
Cuota patronal total (contexto)12.67%vigente 2026

legal status to be confirmed: the decree numbers and article 130 have no primary source in the dossier; the citations cover the payroll-contribution context and the Labor Code, not each individual benefit

Social security, work permits and shifts

10 topics

According to PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries (reviewed 9 June 2026), the employer contribution is 12.67% of the monthly payroll and the employee contribution 4.83% of monthly pay; PwC states there are no payroll taxes other than social security and does not break out IRTRA or INTECAP within the employer contribution. As a total-cost reference, the State Department's ICS 2024 notes that mandatory benefits, bonuses and employer contributions can come to around 55% of an employee's base salary. The IRTRA/INTECAP breakdown is still pending a source.

Figures
Cuota patronal IGSS12.67% de la planilla mensualrev. 09-jun-2026
Cuota laboral IGSS4.83% del salario mensualrev. 09-jun-2026
Carga laboral total sobre salario base (prestaciones, bonos, aportes)≈55%abr 2024

the IRTRA/INTECAP breakdown is not available in the source

According to the Foreigners' Permits Department (PEX) of the Ministry of Labor (MINTRAB), a new permit costs Q3,000.00 and a renewal Q2,000.00. Total processing time is a maximum of 20 business days, with document review taking up to 10 business days; a renewal must be applied for at least 15 business days before expiry. The procedure is 100% online and the resolution is issued with an electronic signature.

Figures
Permiso de trabajo nuevoQ3,000.002026
Prórroga de permiso de trabajoQ2,000.002026
Plazo total del trámitemáximo 20 días hábiles2026
Evaluación de documentaciónhasta 10 días hábiles2026
Anticipación mínima para solicitar prórroga15 días hábiles antes del vencimiento2026

MINTRAB states that "payment of the work permit applies only to employers that apply to hire foreign nationals as employees". The legal basis is Decree 5-2021 (simplification of administrative procedures), Governmental Agreement 178-2025 (the work permit regulation) and Ministerial Agreement 125-2022 (the online system). Service is at Window No. 8, Torre Empresarial, 7a Av. 3-33 zona 9; e-mail permisosextranjeros@mintrabajo.gob.gt. The IGM notes that the permit is a separate and mandatory procedure alongside residency.

According to the ICS 2024, the Labor Code requires that at least 90% of employees be Guatemalan, but the requirement does not apply to senior posts such as managers and directors. The exact article of the Labor Code (Decree 1441; art. 13?) and the further point that 85% of wages should go to Guatemalans remain to be verified against the legal text.

Figures
Cuota mínima de empleados guatemaltecos90% (no aplica a gerentes y directores)abr 2024

the Labor Code article and the 85%-of-wages rule to be confirmed in the legal text

Locating the plant outside the department of Guatemala (Chimaltenango, Sacatepéquez, Escuintla) lowers the monthly maquila minimum wage from Q3,409.73 (CE1) to Q3,221.10 (CE2), a difference of −5.5% under the 2026 table in Governmental Accord 256-2025. What defines the economic circumscription is where the work is physically carried out, not the tax domicile. In fully loaded monthly cost (the dossier's own calculation, excluding severance) the difference is about Q4,802 (CE1) against about Q4,550 (CE2) per operator.

Figures
Mínimo maquila CE1 base mensualQ3,409.732026 (AG 256-2025)
Mínimo maquila CE2 base mensualQ3,221.102026 (AG 256-2025)
Diferencia CE2 vs CE1−5.5%2026
Costo fully-loaded sin indemnización CE1 / CE2≈Q4,802 / ≈Q4,5502026

Table replicated by guides; cross-check against Governmental Accord 256-2025 in the official gazette (Diario de Centro América) still pending

Employer registration with the social security institute (IGSS) is compulsory from 1 worker onwards: Accord 1529 of the IGSS Board of Directors, in force since 17 Jan 2023, replaced Accord 1123 (the historical threshold was 3 workers). The deadline is 30 business days from the moment the obligation arises; failure to register carries a Q500 fine; the filing requires certification by a licensed accountant. Verified in the 2026-08-22 audit against all three sources; EY labels the rule "Governmental Accord 9-2023" (published 16 Jan 2023), so the number still has to be reconciled.

Figures
Umbral de inscripción patronal1 trabajador (antes 3)desde 17-ene-2023
Plazo de inscripción30 días hábilesvigente
Multa por omisiónQ500vigente

The rule's number (Board Accord 1529 vs Governmental Accord 9-2023) still to be reconciled

See the other 4

Governmental Accord 256-2025 (published 22 Dec 2025, in force 1 Jan 2026), export and maquila activity: CE1 (department of Guatemala) Q112.10 a day, Q3,409.73 monthly base, plus the Q250 incentive bonus = Q3,659.73; CE2 (rest of the country) Q105.90 a day, Q3,221.10 base, plus Q250 = Q3,471.10. Maquila is the activity with the lowest minimum: non-agricultural CE1 is Q4,002.28 base. In the 2026-08-22 audit the two guides consulted agreed on all six figures and on the publication date; the labor ministry (MINTRAB) portal returned a 403, so the cross-check against the accord in the official gazette (Diario de Centro América) remains pending.

Figures
Maquila CE1 diario / mensual base / total con bonificaciónQ112.10 / Q3,409.73 / Q3,659.732026 (AG 256-2025)
Maquila CE2 diario / mensual base / total con bonificaciónQ105.90 / Q3,221.10 / Q3,471.102026 (AG 256-2025)
Bonificación incentivoQ250 mensuales2026
Referencia: no agrícola CE1 baseQ4,002.282026 (AG 256-2025)

Table replicated by guides; cross-check against the official gazette (Diario de Centro América) pending

This is the dossier's own calculation, built on components cited and verified in dossier 03: employer charges of 12.67% (IGSS 10.67 + IRTRA 1 + INTECAP 1), accruals for Bono 14 and for the aguinaldo year-end bonus (1/12 each, 8.33%), holiday pay (about 15/360, 4.17%) and the Q250 incentive bonus, which is exempt from charges. CE1 (base Q3,409.73): charges Q432.01, Bono 14 Q284.03, aguinaldo Q284.03, holiday Q142.19, bonus Q250 — total about Q4,802 excluding severance; with a severance accrual (about 8.3–9.7% more, contingent) about Q5,090–5,140. CE2 (base Q3,221.10): charges Q408.11, Bono 14 Q268.32, aguinaldo Q268.32, holiday Q134.32, bonus Q250 — about Q4,550 excluding severance, about Q4,820–4,865 with it. The annual floor for CE1 excluding severance is about Q57,600 per operator. The arithmetic was recomputed in audit with no differences; conversion to dollars must use the verified exchange rate held in the file, and if Bono 14 and the aguinaldo were subject to IGSS contributions the total would move by about 1.4 points (pending).

Figures
Costo mensual CE1 sin indemnización≈ Q4,8022026, cálculo propio
Costo mensual CE2 sin indemnización≈ Q4,5502026, cálculo propio
Con provisión de indemnización CE1 / CE2≈ Q5,090–5,140 / ≈ Q4,820–4,8652026, cálculo propio
Cargas patronales12.67% (IGSS 10.67 + IRTRA 1 + INTECAP 1)vigente
Piso anual CE1 sin indemnización≈ Q57,600 / operaria2026, cálculo propio

Own calculation — always label it as such; do not convert to US$ using an assumed exchange rate

Yes. IGSS, the social security institute, states that "every employer is required to register with the Social Security Regime and to register the worker or workers" (site consulted in 2026), and publishes downloadable guides from its Employer and Worker Registration Department; telephones 1522 and 2412-1224. The threshold of three or more workers usually cited as the trigger for employer registration was not confirmed in a primary source (the IGSS site publishes only the general obligation; the agreement that would set it, Board Agreement 1123?, remains pending).

the threshold of ≥3 workers is not confirmed in a primary source

The Labor Code sets the day shift at a maximum of 8 hours a day and 48 a week; the night shift at 6 hours and 36 a week; the mixed shift at 7 hours and 42 a week; overtime carries a 50% premium. The implication for plant design — an editorial inference by the dossier, not a citable figure — is that a 24/7 operation requires four crews or a structural overtime bill. The primary sources are in dossier 04 §10.

Figures
Jornada diurna máxima8 h/día, 48 h/semanaCódigo de Trabajo vigente
Jornada nocturna / mixta6 h/36 h · 7 h/42 hCódigo de Trabajo vigente
Recargo hora extra+50%Código de Trabajo vigente

Indirect citation via dossier 04; the 24/7 reading is an editorial inference

Sources

  • Código de Trabajo de Guatemala (Decreto 1441), jornadas — fuentes primarias citadas en el dossier 04 §10; este dossier no reproduce la URL· No site published

This layer is research: read from public sources by the archive's own team, every claim cited with the date it was consulted, and audited where it is marked so. It has not entered the verified store — no figure here was fetched back from its source or stamped with a retrieval time — so it wears no red provenance numeral and never mixes with the verified figures.

Universities and technical training

Researched · unverified

9 organizations

Where the staff you will hire is trained, with the degree or program each institution publishes. Researched from public sources: places, fees and corporate agreements rarely appear on the site.

  • USAC — Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala· No site published

    What it offers
    Public university, the largest in the country (109,562 students in 2023), with open data from its Faculty of Engineering.2024-2025 enrollment not public (the register sits behind a login)
    Location
    Guatemala City
  • Universidad Rafael Landívar (URL)· No site published

    What it offers
    Private university with more than 30,000 active students.enrollment figures diverge between sources (34,900 vs 31,176) — verify
    Location
  • UVG — Universidad del Valle de Guatemala

    What it offers
    Private university focused on engineering (computing, industrial, mechatronics, chemical) across three campuses (~8,000 students in 2025).enrollment from a tertiary source (Wikipedia) — verify with UVG
    Location
  • Universidad Galileo· No site published

    What it offers
    Private university that concentrates technology provision (FISICC systems/computing, FICON, FACTI); ~45,000 students according to a tertiary source.no public official enrollment figure — verify
    Location
  • UFM — Universidad Francisco Marroquín· No site published

    What it offers
    Private university (~2,700 students in 2023), origin of the faculty that gave rise to Universidad Galileo.enrollment from a tertiary source (Wikipedia) — verify with UFM
    Location
  • ERIS-USAC (Escuela Regional de Ingeniería Sanitaria, Universidad de San Carlos)

    What it offers
    Monitoring of the fall in the water table in the Guatemala valley (around 9 m a year on average; 8/11/7 m a year across 32 wells, 2013 study) published in the Revista Agua, Saneamiento & Ambiente; the source for the agua.nivel_freatico_valle indicatorA 2013 study with 4-10 years of records; no update cited
    Location
    Guatemala City
  • IARNA-URL (Instituto de Investigación y Proyección sobre Ambiente Natural y Sociedad, Universidad Rafael Landívar)

    What it offers
    A balance of the metropolitan aquifer (with TNC): abstraction 502.3 against recharge 139.8 Mm³ a year, a deficit of 362.5, extraction at 3.59 times recharge; the source for the agua.deficit_acuifero indicator2012 data published in 2013; an updated balance by basin still pending
    Location
    Guatemala City
  • Caltech (California Institute of Technology)· No site published

    What it offers
    An academic study of Banrural microcredit: a share of more than 50% of remittance payments, and loans taken with a relative in the United States as co-debtor (§9).historical background; figures to be verified against recent Banguat/Banrural data
    Location
    United States
  • UNAM — Anuario de Derecho Constitucional· No site published

    What it offers
    An academic source that agrees on the date Guatemala ratified ILO Convention 169 (C169), 5 June 1996.cited only as a verification source
    Location